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Wednesday, December 17, 2008

ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံရဲ႕ထင္ရွားတဲ့ၿမိဳ႕ နာမည္ေတြရဲ႕ ခန္းႀကီး အဓိပၸါယ္ေလးေတြကို ေလ့လာၾကရေအာင္

ေလ့လာၾကေအာင္

ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံအလယ္ပိုင္း ဟြန္း႐ႈးကြၽန္းေပၚတြင္တည္ရွိေသာၿမိဳ႕မ်ား

広島 【ひろしま】 Hiroshima (p,s) = ဟီ႐ိုရွီးမားျမိဳ႕

広い 【ひろい】 (adj) spacious, vast, wide, (P) = က်ယ္ျပန္႕ေသာ

【しま】 (n) island, (P) = ကြၽန္း


静岡 【しずおか】 Shizuoka (p,s) = ရွိဇုအိုချမိဳ႕

静か 【しずか】 (adj-na) quiet, peaceful, (P) = တိတ္ဆိတ္ၿငိမ္သက္ေသာ

【おか】 (n) hill, height, knoll, rising ground =ေတာင္တန္း


浜松 【はままつ】 Hamamatsu (p,s) = ဟာမမဆုျမိဳ႕

【はま】 (n) beach, seashore, (P) = ကမ္းေျခ

【まつ】 (n) (1) pine tree, (2) highest (of a three-tier ranking system), (P) = နာနာတ္သီးပင္


東京 【とうきょう】 (n) Tokyo (current capital of Japan), (P) =တိုက်ိဳ(ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္  အေရွ႕ပိုင္းၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္) (meaning "Eastern Capital") Capital Peroid 1869 - now

【ひがし】 (n) east, (P) = အေရွ႕ (とう=on-yomi  ひがし=kun-yomi

【みやこ】 (n) capital, metropolis = ျမိဳ႕ေတာ္ (きょう=on-yomi  みやこ=kun-yomi


大阪 【おおさか】 Oo,saka (Oosaka) (p,s) = အိုစခါျမိဳ႕

大き 【おおき】 (adj-na) big, large, (P) = ႀကီးမားေသာ

阪 【さか】heights, slope = အျမင့္ ေလွ်ာေစာက္


名古屋 【なごや】 Nagoya (p,s) = နာငိုရာျမိဳ႕

【な】 (n) name, reputation, (P) =  နာမည္(めい=on-yomi な=kun-yomi

古い 【ふるい】 (n) antiquity, ancient times, (P)(adj) old (not person), aged, ancient, antiquated = ေရွးက်ေသာ၊ ေဟာင္းႏြမ္းေသာ (ご=on-yomi ふるい= kun-yomi

【や】 (n) roof = အမိုး၊ အကာ (や=kun-yomi  おく=on-yomi


京都 【きょうと】 (n) Kyoto, (P) = က်ိဳတို (ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္ေဟာင္း ၇၉၄ မွ ၁၈၆၈ ထိ  အေနာက္ပိုင္းၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္) (西京 Saikyo-, meaning "Western Capital") Capital Peroid 794 - 1868

【みやこ】 (n) capital, metropolis =ျမိဳ႕ေတာ္(きょう=on-yomi  みやこ=kun-yomi

【みやこ】 (n) capital, metropolis =ျမိဳ႕ေတာ္ (と=on-yomi  みやこ=kun-yomi


(1)奈良 【なら】 Nara (p,s,f) = နာလျမိဳ႕

奈何 【いかん】 (adj-na,adv,n) how, in what way = ဘယ္လို(な=on-yomi  いかん=kun-yomi

【りょう】 (n) good, (P) = ေကာင္းေသာ (りょう、ら=on-yomi  いい、よい=kun-yomi


(2) 南都 【なんと】(n) southern capital (Nara) = နာလျမိဳ႕

【みなみ】 (n,vs) South, proceeding south, (P)= ေတာင္ဘက္(なん=on-yomi  みなみ=kun-yomi

【みやこ】 (n) capital, metropolis =ျမိဳ႕ေတာ္ (と=on-yomi  みやこ=kun-yomi


ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံေျမာက္ဘက္ ေဟာ့ကိုင္းဒိုးကြၽန္းေပၚတြင္တည္ရွိေသာၿမိဳ႕မ်ား


札幌 【さっぽろ】 Sapporo (p,s) =စပို႕လုိျမိဳ႕

【さつ】 (n,n-suf) note, paper money, (P) =စာရြက္ (さっ=nanori さつ=on-yomi ふだ=kun-yomi

幌 【ほろ】 curtain, canopy, hood =အကာ၊ မ်က္ႏွာက်က္၊ အက်ႌေခါင္းစြပ္ (こう=on-yomi ほろ=kun-yomi


ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံေတာင္ဘက္ ခ႐ူး႐ႈးကြၽန္းေပၚတြင္တည္ရွိေသာၿမိဳ႕မ်ား


大分 【おおいた】 (n) Ooita (Oita) (Kyuushuu) =အုိးအိတျမိဳ႕

大いに 【おおいに】 (adv) very, much, greatly, (P) = မ်ားျပားေသာ

分【ふん】 minute, segment မိနစ္၊ အပိုင္းမ်ား (ふん=on-yomi  わかる=kun-yomi いた=nanori


On-yomi, Kun-yomi, Nanori and Kokuji


音読み 【おんよみ】 (n) on-yomi (Chinese) reading of kanji = ခန္းႀကီးအား တရုတ္လိုအသံထြက္ဖတ္ျခင္း

訓読み 【くんよみ】 (n) kun-yomi (Japanese reading of character) = ခန္းႀကီးအား ဂ်ပန္လိုအသံထြက္ဖတ္ျခင္း

名乗り 【なのり】 (n) name readings of kanji = နာမည္မ်ားတြင္ ဖတ္ေလ့မ်ားေသာ အသံထြက္နည္း

国字 【こくじ】 (n)kanji made in Japan = ဂ်ပန္ႏိုင္ငံမွ ျပဳလုပ္ထားေသာ ခန္းႀကီးမ်ား

The on'yomi (音読み), the Sino-Japanese reading, is a Japanese approximation of the Chinese pronunciation of the character at the time it was introduced. Some kanji were introduced from different parts of China at different times, and so have multiple on'yomi, and often multiple meanings.

The kun'yomi (訓読み), Japanese reading, or native reading, is a reading based on the pronunciation of a native Japanese word, or yamatokotoba, that closely approximated the meaning of the Chinese character when it was introduced.

Nanori (名乗り) are kanji character readings (pronunciations) found almost only in Japanese names. The nanori was once used as a general-purpose reading of the character, but such a practice has fallen into disuse.

Some kanji have no on-yomi

Kokuji (国字, "national characters") are characters particular to Japan. Kokuji are also known as wasei kanji (和製漢字, "Chinese characters made in Japan")(和製 【わせい】 (n) Japanese-made). There are hundreds of kokuji. Many are rarely used, but a number have become important additions to the written Japanese language. These include:

* (とうげ (to-ge) mountain pass)

* (さかき (sakaki) sakaki tree, genus Cleyera)

* (はたけ (hatake) field of crops)

* (つじ (tsuji) crossroads, street)

* (どう (do-), はたら hatara(ku) work)

* (せん (sen), gland)

Some of them, like "", have been introduced to China.

Some kanji have no kun-yomi

Example :

【すん】 (n) sun (approx. 3.03 cm)

This kanji , denoting a Chinese unit of measurement (slightly over an inch), has no native Japanese equivalent; it only has an on'yomi, sun, with no native kun reading.

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